Novel human-type receptor-binding H5N1 virus in live poultry markets, China

Avian influenza viruses represent a considerable public health risk, with the capability to cross species barriers and cause severe disease in humans. The emergence of H5N1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses has been particularly concerning because it has caused numerous poultry outbreaks and sporadic human infections, including cases in dairy cows in 2024. As of April, 2024, H5N1 infections have resulted in 463 deaths, corresponding to a mortality rate of 52%, thereby heightening concerns about its pandemic potential. Live poultry markets (LPMs) are recognised as a major source of human H5N1 infections. The emergence of H5N1 viruses with enhanced human-type receptor-binding affinity at these markets poses a substantial threat to global public health.