What are the causes for the steady and at times dramatic decline in vaccine confidence seen since the mid-90’s across certain age-groups and communities? Why has the public discourse changed?

Influenza viruses pose a significant public health threat, causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases are increasing at a time when funding for immunisation programmes is being cut.

Recombinant neuraminidase (NA) has emerged as an antigenically conserved intranasal vaccine candidate, capable of inducing broad cross-protection, but it requires effective mucosal adjuvants.

Croatia, Estonia, France, Germany, Lithuania, Slovenia and Spain produced an information note highlighting the loss of confidence in science and health authorities, representing a major challenge for democracies.

It is necessary to increase knowledge about the safety and effectiveness of influenza vaccination during pregnancy to improve awareness among patients and healthcare professionals and increase to increase vaccination coverage.

Annual vaccination with LAIV4 or IIV4 remains the best way to protect children against influenza infection.

Recent scientific advancements enabled the accelerated development, production, and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines, leveraging novel technologies that are estimated to have prevented approximately 1.6 million hospitalizations and 235.000 deaths in the US