Since the first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in U.S. dairy cattle in early 2024, the virus has spread rapidly, posing a major public health concern as the number of human cases continues to rise.

This study demonstrates that the traditional Grana-type cheese production process effectively inactivates both LPAIV and HPAIV, even at high contamination levels.

The avian influenza virus is a pathogen that has been well known to the scientific community ever since its first detection in 1996.

The recent emergence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus infections in dairy cows and humans in the U.S. has raised alarms regarding the potential for a pandemic.

H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has spread globally since 2021, decimating avian species, and has spilled over into mammalian species, causing sporadic infections and fatal outbreaks in sea lions, cats, mink and dairy cattle.

Due to its climatic variability, complex mobility networks and geographic expanse, the United States represents a compelling setting to explore the transmission processes that lead to heterogeneous yearly seasonal influenza epidemics.

Human infections with swIAV have been detected sporadically in Europe whereas in the United States, such infections have been detected more frequently.

Several viruses that cause problems for human beings originated in bats. However, cellular and tissue models for understanding virus infection in these important reservoir species are limited.