Authors discuss the structural determinants of sialic acid and MHC-II receptor engagement, the plasticity of HA receptor-binding sites, and the consequences of exclusive or dual receptor usage on host range and zoonotic potential.

Population immunity gaps heighten zoonotic risk to circulating swine H1 and H3 strains.

The available serological data suggest that enzootic circulation of Avian Influenza in aquatic mammals is limited.

Novel H5-MNP vaccine technology could potentially induce protective immunity against pandemic influenza viruses in individuals with pre-existing seasonal influenza HA immunity.

This report describes the first confirmed Ecuadorian pediatric case of H5N1-associated encephalitis and multisystem organ failure in a previously healthy 9-year-old female following direct contact with infected poultry.

Reinforces the importance of continuous genomic surveillance, especially in AIV hosts that do not show signs of infection, to enhance the One-Health assessment approach.

The objective of this article is to review human cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) infections for which mutations of oseltamivir resistance were detected.

H5N1 virus (H5N1Tex/24) isolated from bovine milk in Texas in 2024 replicates just as efficiently in differentiated human nasal epithelial cells as a pandemic H1N1 virus strain from 2009.