Population effects of influenza vaccination in children and adolescents: Systematic review
To investigate indirect vaccine effectiveness (indirVE) of vaccination of children and adolescents with seasonal influenza vaccines against influenza-related outcomes occurring in other population groups.
The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020–2023
The emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4b has triggered an unprecedented global panzootic in recent years.
Structural and functional characterization of the antigenicity of influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype H15
Avian H15 influenza viruses are closely related to H7 viruses, but only 22 H15 sequences have been reported since 1987, suggesting both rarity and minimal antigenic variation.
Article
Scientific Papers
Human monoclonal antibodies that target clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 hemagglutinin
The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.4b has been spreading globally since 2022, causing mortality and morbidity in domestic and wild birds, as well as in mammals, which underscores its potential to cause a pandemic.
Pandemic security needs national leadership
In a world facing escalating risks from conflict, climate change, and emerging infectious diseases, health systems are the first line of defense for protecting people, economies, and stability.
Pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to highly pathogenic avian influenza 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus in the United States
The unprecedented 2.3.4.4b. A(H5N1) outbreak in dairy cattle, poultry, and spillover to humans in the United States (US) poses a major public health threat.
Avian Influenza A(H5N5) - United States of America
Situation at a glance On 15 November 2025, WHO was notified of the 71st confirmed human case with influenza A(H5) since early 2024 in the United States of America— the first human case reported in the United States of America since February 2025.
Host switching mutations in H5N1 influenza hemagglutinin suppress site-specific activation dynamics
Increase in human H5N1 spillover infections resulting from dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus into bird and mammal populations raises concerns about HPAI gaining human transmissibility.
