Can H5N1 avian influenza in dairy cattle be contained in the US?
The emergence and sustained spread of H5N1 in US dairy cattle since 2024 have demonstrated that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is capable of establishing long-term transmission in livestock.
Immune history confers antibody- and T cell-dependent cross-protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian H5 influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b in cattle has spread across the United States.
Cross-reactive H5N1 neuraminidase antibodies by age and influenza A imprinting cohorts of the past century: population-based serosurvey, British Columbia, Canada
Pre-existing immunity to emerging influenza viruses informs pandemic risk assessment.
The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020–2023
The emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4b has triggered an unprecedented global panzootic in recent years.
Adjuvanted influenza vaccination increases pre-existing H5N1 cross-reactive antibodies
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b cause sporadic human infections and currently raise concerns about a new influenza pandemic.
Antibodies elicited by the 2025-2026 influenza vaccine in humans
A new H3N2 variant (named subclade K) possesses several key hemagglutinin substitutions and is circulating widely during the 2025-2026 influenza season.
The potential of H5N1 viruses to adapt to bovine cells varies throughout evolution
Avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses caused a global panzootic and, unexpectedly, widespread outbreaks in dairy cattle, therefore representing a pandemic threat.
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Poultry Farm Workers, Washington, USA, 2024
Poultry workers in Washington, USA, were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus and recovered.
