Baloxavir alleviates severe disease and viremia in ferrets infected with avian- or bovine-origin influenza A(H5N1) virus
Humans exposed to infected animals may also become infected, with potential for severe disease outcomes.
Introduction and inter-species transmission dynamics of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 viruses in Japan 2021–25
Since the introduction of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 isolates in Japan in late 2021, new cases have been reported in domestic birds and poultry each winter.
Population immunity to clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 is dominated by anti-neuraminidase antibodies
Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses continue to expand geographically and across mammalian hosts, raising concern about pandemic potential.
Pre-existing neutralizing antibodies against cattle-transmitted influenza A virus H5N1 are detectable in unexposed individuals
The transmission of influenza A virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b from cattle to humans highlights the risk of an H5N1 pandemic.
Assessing HPAI-H5 transmission risk across wild bird migratory flyways in the United States
As natural hosts of avian influenza viruses, wild birds pose an increasing threat to public health.
Advancing A(H5N1) influenza risk assessment in ferrets through comparative evaluation of airborne virus shedding patterns
Recent A(H5N1) zoonotic cases linked to poultry and cattle in North America highlight the urgent need to assess the pandemic potential of emerging strains.
Emergence of the novel PA-D27G mutation conferring reduced baloxavir susceptibility in influenza A viruses circulating in China, 2018–2025
Wild birds drive the introduction, maintenance, and spread of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Spain, 2021–2022
