Infectiousness of raw (unpasteurised) milk from influenza H5N1-infected cows beyond the USA
Pasteurisation has been proven to inactivate the influenza H5N1 virus, rendering pasteurised cow milk safe for consumers.
Baloxavir improves disease outcomes in mice after intranasal or ocular infection with Influenza A virus H5N1-contaminated cow’s milk
Testing approved antivirals against A(H5N1) influenza viruses circulating in peridomestic species, including dairy cows, is critical to public health and pre-pandemic planning.
Large-scale computational modelling of H5 influenza variants against HA1-neutralising antibodies
The United States Department of Agriculture has recently released reports that show samples collected from 2022 to 2025 of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) have been detected in mammals and birds.
Superior replication, pathogenicity, and immune evasion of a Texas dairy cattle H5N1 virus compared to a historical avian isolate
The current outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cattle in the United States has affected nearly 900 dairy farms and resulted in at least 39 human infections.
Deadly avian flu strain is spreading rapidly in Antarctica
Expedition finds H5N1 in 13 bird and seal species on the Antarctic Peninsula
Immune history shapes human antibody responses to H5N1 influenza viruses
Avian H5N1 influenza viruses are circulating widely in cattle and other mammals and pose a risk for a human pandemic.
An overview of influenza H5 vaccines
Pandemic influenza remains a significant global health threat, as signalled by the circulation and cross-species transmission of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from the clade 2.3.4.4b, including among dairy cattle in the USA since 2024.
NEJM Outbreaks Update — H5N1: A View from the States
In this audio interview, Editor-in-Chief Eric Rubin and Deputy Editor Lindsey Baden are joined by state public health leaders Robbie Goldstein and Jennifer Shuford to discuss action against H5N1 in Massachusetts and Texas and across the nation.
